MERHABA(Hello,Hola,hallo)
To begin to learn TURKISH plese click below link
http://www.turkish4foreigners.tr.gg
Turkish Alphabet
Sometimes I read and hear that some countries which are far from Turkey think that Turks speak another language than Turkish. Some people think that we speak Arabic. Actually, Turkish is very different from Arabic in the grammar structure. But from the history, there are many words that come from Arabic. Even though there are many words, that doesn't mean Turks can understand Arabic. To think this would be a Huge mistake.
In 1923, Turkey became a new country. Before that, the country was The Ottoman State. It had a language based on three languages: Turkish, Arabic and Persian. Before the alphabet revolution in November 1st 1928, Arabic letters were used. But we use the Latin alphabet since that time. So, if you use Latin letters too, you can read and write almost all Turkish letters too.
I said "almost", because there are a few different letters. They are;
§ I - ı: dotless i
§ İ - i: I with dot
§ Ö - ö: o plus two dots (Like in German)
§ Ü - ü: u plus two dots (Like in German)
§ Ç - ç: c with cedilla (Like in French)
§ Ş - ş: s with cedilla
§ Ğ - ğ: g with a short wave
And there are some letters which we don't use in Turkish:
§ Q - q
§ X - x
§ W - w
You will realize that there are two different letters: I and İ (other case ı and i) are different letters. That is important, because it might cause a problem if you use one of them instead of the other. But I guess you do not have a Turkish keyboard, so your friend will understand you 
If you can speak German, the letters ö and ü will be familiar. In Turkish, they are generally pronounced same as in German. But there is a difference here. In German, you can write them in a different way like ö=oe and ü=ue. But in Turkish, you cannot.
Another familiar letter might be ç if you can speak French. But this letter is pronounced in a different way in Turkish. We will discuss in detailed how they are pronounced later, but for now, I just want to say that ç in Turkish and ç in French are very different. Turkish ç is like "ch" in English.
Now there is a different letter: Ş. That is just like sh in English. And Ğ is another different letter in Turkish.
Some of my friends ask about the "^". That is a sign in order to make the letter soften and/or lengthen. Such as "â, î, û". But they are not different letters and they may not be used. There is some conflict related to this topic. For example, "hala" and "hâlâ"; the first one may mean both: "aunt" and "still". But if you put the sign "^" it will be just "still". The difference is that the "a"s in the second one are soft and longer". Another example; "kar" = "snow" and also "benefit", but "kâr" = "benefit". For that reason, this sign is used generally only to clarify things.
As I said, we will discuss the pronounciations later, but for now, we will just talk about the letters in this writing.
And the vowels and consonants... In Turkish, we have 8 vowels and 21 consonants. Totally 29 letters.
Vowels are:
urkish alphabet:
§ A - a
§ B - b
§ C - c
§ Ç - ç
§ D - d
§ E -e
§ F - f
§ G - g
§ Ğ - g
§ H - h
§ I - ı
§ İ - i
§ J - j
§ K - k
§ L - l
§ M - m
§ N - n
§ O - o
§ Ö - ö
§ P - p
§ R - r
§ S - s
§ Ş - ş
§ T - t
§ U - u
§ Ü - ü
§ V - v
§ Y - y
§ Z - z
I would like to write some greetings in Turkish. I hope it helps Turkish learners.
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merhaba or selam
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hello
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günaydın
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good morning
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iyi günler
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good afternoon or have a nice day
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iyi akşamlar
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good evening
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iyi geceler
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good night
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hoşça kal
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bye
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selamun aleykum
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holy type greeting
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aleykum selam
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the response of this holy type greeting
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görüşürüz
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see you
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kendine iyi bak
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take care (of yourself)
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Allaha ısmarladık
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another type bye (said by who leaves)
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güle güle
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response of this bye (said by who stays)
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nasılsın?
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how are you? (informal and singular "you")
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iyiyim
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I am fine
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nasılsınız?
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how are you? (formal or plural "you")
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ya sen?
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and you? (as "what about you?" informal and singular)
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ya siz?
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and you? ("what about you?" formal or plural)
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ben de iyiyim
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I am fine too
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teşekkürler
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thanks
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teşekkür ederim
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thank you
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rica ederim
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you are welcome
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bir şey değil
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not at all
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sağ ol
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an informal type "thanks"
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hoş geldin
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welcome (informal and singular)
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hoş geldiniz
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welcome (formal or plural)
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hoş bulduk
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the response of "welcome"
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Some Changes with Present Continuous Tense
Some verbs changes by present continuous suffix -yor. Some examples:
a changes to ı
anlamak: anlıyor
kanamak: kanıyor
a changes to u
zorlamak: zorluyor
boyamak: boyuyor
e changes to i
dinlemek: dinliyor
demek: diyor
e changes to ü
özlemek: özlüyor
If you realized, the common point of these verbs are that the last letters of their roots are a and e. Now let's try to understand when and how it happens
The root of anlamak is anla. -mak/mek is the infinitive suffix (mastar eki). The last vowel of anla is a. When we use it with present continuous suffix -yor, it changes to "ı".
Indeed, the present continuous suffix has a hidden letter inside. It is -(i)yor and it can be changed due to the last vowel of the verb root.
In out topic, all the roots finish with vowels "a" and "e". As a result, they cannot be together with another vowel in theory. Normally, when there are two vowels together for adding suffixes, we put buffers between these two vowels. But here, -yor's first vowel is hidden. And we have another solution: to make the last vowel similar to the closed vowels (ı/i/u/ü)
Step by Step
Step by step with another example "dinlemek" and "anlamak":
1. Find the root verb
Drop the -mek or -mak suffix in order to find the root verb.
dinlemek -> dinle
anlamak -> anla
2. Find the last letter
If the last letter of the root is the vowel "a" or "e", then we need this rule:
dinle
anla
3. Decide the type of this vowel. Is it hard of soft?
If the vowel is a soft vowel (e), we will change it as "i" or "ü". If hard (a), then as "ı" or "u"
dinli or dinlü
anlı or anlu
4. Now in order to decide this, we need to look at the previous vowel. If it is flat (a,e,ı,i), then we put "ı" or "i" (depends on major vowel harmony, see step 3). If round (o,ö,u,ü), then "u" or "ü".
dinli or dinlü; previous vowel: "i", it is flat, so we choose flat and soft: "i" -> dinli
anla or anlu; previous vowel: "a", it is flat, so we choose flat and hard: "ı" -> anlı
5. Put the suffix -yor:
dinliyor
anlıyor
Now try this with zorlamak:
1. zorla
2. zorla
3. "a" is a hard vowel (a,ı,o,u) so we have two options
zorlı or zorlu
4. Previous vowel is "o". It is a round vowel (o,ö,u,ü). So we choose the round one: "u": zorlu
5. zorluyor
Make more exercises with the other example verbs above.
Kendi, Kendi Kendine
When do we use kendi and when do we use kendi kendine ?
Meaning,
İn my book i have this example,
Bu problemi kendin çözmelisin.
Can i say it like this ?
Bu problemi kendi kendine çözmelsin ?
Why ? And when do we use this or that better than the other ?!
Combination Verbs
Actually i dont know what to call them
İ just know 2 verbs of them and i just understand on of them very well, and i knew there are almost about 5,6 verbs like that too
The one i know are
Bilmek and Vermek
We add them to the verbs to form other meaning
When we add bilmek we give the meaning of ability
Çalışabiliyorum...i CAN study or work
But with other verbs, i dont know where, when, or how to add them,or what/how many are they exactly.
What is Major Vowel Harmony?
There is two group of vowels in Turkish. One is formed by hard (or bass) vowels, and the other is soft (or treble) vowels. If the last vowel of the word is hard, the next vowel must be hard as well. If it is soft, the other must be soft too. Here is the vowel table:
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Hard (Bass) vowels:
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a
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ı
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o
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u
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Soft (Treble) vowels:
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e
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i
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ö
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ü
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Plural Suffixes
There are two shapes of the plural suffixes in Turkish. One is -lar, for hard vowels, and the other is -ler for soft vowels. As a result of the major vowel harmony, if the last vowel of the noun is a hard vowel, then we add -lar. If not, we add -ler. Let's see the examples;
ev (house) : ev+ler : evler
The last vowel is e. "e" is a soft vowel, so we add -ler
araba (car) : araba+lar : arabalar
The last vowel is a. "a" is a hard vowel, so we add -lar
kuş (bird) : kuş+lar : kuşlar
bina (building) : bina+lar : binalar
kedi (cat) : kedi+ler : kediler
tavuk (chicken) : tavuk+lar : tavuklar
kalem (pen) : kalem+ler : kalemler
elma (apple) : elma+lar : elmalar
muz (banana) : muz+lar : muzlar
Source:www.turkisheasy.com
